Xize Dai | Engineering | Best Academic Researcher Award

Published on by Phenomenological Research Awards

Dr. Xize Dai | Engineering | Best Academic Researcher Award 

Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Unversity of Queensland | Australia

Dr. Xize Dai is a distinguished Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Queensland, Australia, specializing in high-voltage insulation and dielectric physics. His work has centered on advancing the reliability of polymer insulation systems, particularly within renewable energy and power electronics applications. Through extensive research into degradation mechanisms and advanced diagnostic techniques, he has built a strong international reputation in insulation science. Recognized for his academic excellence and technical expertise, he has actively contributed to both experimental studies and theoretical modeling, bridging the gap between material behavior and system-level reliability in modern energy applications.

Profile:

Google Scholar

Education:

Dr. Xize Dai earned his Ph.D. in Energy from Aalborg University, Denmark, where his doctoral research focused on dielectric dynamics and equivalent circuit modeling of polymer insulation under multifrequency stress conditions. He also pursued advanced studies as a visiting researcher at the University of Bologna in Italy, where he refined his expertise in high-field dielectric spectroscopy and partial discharge characterization. Prior to this, he obtained his Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering at Chongqing University, China, with a thesis on thermal degradation of submarine cable insulation, and a Bachelor’s degree in Smart Grid and Information Engineering at Liaoning Technical University.

Experience:

Dr. Xize Dai’s professional experience spans leading research institutions and industry collaborations. He has worked on projects addressing degradation mechanisms, condition monitoring, and modeling of insulation materials for renewable energy applications. His tenure as a visiting researcher at Khalifa University provided exposure to photovoltaic system diagnostics and advanced insulation methodologies. Collaborations with globally recognized experts at Bologna, Oxford, and Khalifa University enriched his expertise in multiphysics modeling and advanced dielectric testing. Additionally, his engagement with IEEE as an active member of the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society reflects his dedication to international research exchange and technical community service.

Research Interests:

Dr. Xize Dai’s research lies at the intersection of dielectric physics, material science, and renewable energy. His interests include investigating high-performance insulation materials for power systems, with a focus on polymeric and heterogeneous composites. He explores aging mechanisms and degradation processes under combined electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental stresses. His expertise extends to dielectric and impedance spectroscopy, partial discharge analysis, and multiphysics simulations using finite element methods. By developing advanced equivalent circuit models and health monitoring frameworks, he aims to enhance predictive maintenance and digital twin applications, ensuring greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability in high-voltage energy infrastructure.

Awards and Honors:

Dr. Xize Dai has been recognized with numerous academic honors for his exceptional contributions to high-voltage engineering and insulation research. His work has earned prestigious national scholarships and merit-based academic awards during his Bachelor’s and Master’s studies, reflecting his consistent academic excellence. His Master’s thesis was recognized with an award for outstanding research on insulation aging behavior. He has also received international research funding to support overseas collaborations and has been invited as a session chair, technical committee member, and keynote speaker at international conferences. These honors reflect his global recognition as an emerging leader in his field.

Publications:

Title: Multi-dimensional analysis and correlation mechanism of thermal degradation characteristics of XLPE insulation for extra high voltage submarine cable
Citation: 49
Year of Publication: 2021

Title: Synergistic enhancement effect of moisture and aging on frequency dielectric response of oil-immersed cellulose insulation and its degree of polymerization evaluation using …
Citation: 43
Year of Publication: 2021

Title: Physical mechanism analysis of conductivity and relaxation polarization behavior of oil-paper insulation based on broadband frequency domain spectroscopy
Citation: 36
Year of Publication: 2021

Title: Ageing state identification and analysis of AC 500 kV XLPE submarine cable based on high-voltage frequency dielectric response
Citation: 32
Year of Publication: 2020

Title: High-voltage frequency domain spectroscopy analysis of a thermally aged XLPE submarine cable under continuous and cyclic voltage based on carrier transport and polarisation …
Citation: 18
Year of Publication: 2022

Title: Influence of thermal ageing on high-field polarisation characteristics and conductivity behaviour of submarine polymeric cables insulation
Citation: 17
Year of Publication: 2023

Title: Unraveling High Temperature-Induced Glass Transition Effect on Underlying Multitimescales Dynamic Mechanisms of Epoxy Resin Insulation in Power Electronic Applications
Citation: 3
Year of Publication: 2024

Conclusion:

Dr. Xize Dai has established himself as a highly accomplished researcher at the forefront of electrical insulation and renewable energy studies. Through innovative modeling approaches, advanced diagnostic methods, and impactful collaborations, he has significantly contributed to enhancing the reliability of high-voltage systems. His work directly supports the integration of renewable energy technologies with safer and more efficient insulation materials. Recognized by leading international scholars and organizations, Dr. Xize Dai continues to push the boundaries of dielectric physics and insulation science. His academic rigor, professional service, and global collaborations make him a strong candidate for this award.

Jing Xu | Engineering | Best Scholar Award

Published on by Phenomenological Research Awards

Dr. Jing Xu | Engineering | Best Scholar Award 

Lecturer at Shenyang University of Technology | China

Dr. Jing Xu is a distinguished academic and researcher serving as a Lecturer at the School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, while also contributing as a Research Assistant at the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Robots of Liaoning. With a solid academic foundation in mechanical engineering, he has built a career centered on robotics, automation, and intelligent systems. His dedication to advancing robotics and industrial automation has been demonstrated through impactful research and innovative contributions in motion planning, kinematics, and computer vision. Dr. Jing Xu’s career reflects his commitment to both teaching and pioneering scientific inquiry.

Profile:

Orcid | Google Scholar

Education:

Dr. Jing Xu pursued his Bachelor’s and Master’s studies in Mechanical Engineering at Liaoning Petrochemical University, where he laid a strong foundation in engineering principles, robotics, and automation systems. He further advanced his academic journey by earning a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering and Automation from Northeastern University in Shenyang. His doctoral studies deepened his expertise in robotics, particularly focusing on robot kinematics, motion planning, and computer vision. These academic experiences shaped his research trajectory and provided the skills necessary for innovative problem-solving, enabling him to contribute significantly to both theoretical and applied aspects of robotics engineering.

Experience:

Dr. Jing Xu’s professional journey is characterized by a strong integration of teaching, research, and applied innovation. As a Lecturer at Shenyang University of Technology, he imparts knowledge in mechanical engineering and robotics, nurturing the next generation of engineers. Alongside, his role as a Research Assistant at the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Robots has allowed him to contribute to high-level projects in intelligent robotics and automation. His research and professional activities bridge theory and practice, enhancing both academic excellence and industrial applications. Dr. Jing Xu’s career reflects his ability to blend research with practical engineering advancements.

Research Interests:

Dr. Jing Xu’s research interests lie at the intersection of robotics, automation, and intelligent systems. His primary focus areas include robot kinematics, motion planning, and computer vision. Within these domains, he has developed advanced methodologies for solving complex robotic challenges such as optimal path planning in high-dimensional and cluttered environments. His contributions also extend to developing efficient algorithms for real-time robotic operations and advancing techniques in robotic perception and defect detection. This research not only contributes to theoretical knowledge but also offers practical solutions for industries utilizing intelligent robotic systems, ensuring precision, adaptability, and reliability in automated environments.

Awards and Honors:

Dr. Jing Xu’s contributions have been recognized through his impactful research and academic endeavors. His publications in high-impact international journals reflect his reputation as a promising scholar in robotics and automation. These works, highly cited by peers, demonstrate his leadership in advancing robotic motion planning and industrial applications. Recognition of his work comes through collaborative projects, peer-reviewed publications, and the adoption of his methodologies in academic and industrial contexts. His teaching excellence and involvement in key laboratories further enhance his professional profile, highlighting his role as a thought leader in intelligent robotics and mechanical engineering research.

Publications:

Title: A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement
Citation: 1581
Year of Publication: 2018

Title: Point-based multi-view stereo network
Citation: 455
Year of Publication: 2019

Title: Status, challenges, and future perspectives of fringe projection profilometry
Citation: 403
Year of Publication: 2020

Title: MSU jumper: A single-motor-actuated miniature steerable jumping robot
Citation: 219
Year of Publication: 2013

Title: Feedback deep deterministic policy gradient with fuzzy reward for robotic multiple peg-in-hole assembly tasks
Citation: 196
Year of Publication: 2018

Title: S4g: Amodal single-view single-shot SE(3) grasp detection in cluttered scenes
Citation: 183
Year of Publication: 2020

Title: Real-time 3D shape inspection system of automotive parts based on structured light pattern
Citation: 144
Year of Publication: 2011

Conclusion:

Dr. Jing Xu is an outstanding researcher and educator whose contributions to robotics, automation, and intelligent systems are both innovative and impactful. His academic journey has equipped him with expertise in motion planning, kinematics, and computer vision, leading to numerous influential publications. Through his dual role as a Lecturer and Research Assistant, he effectively bridges academic research and practical applications, fostering advancements in intelligent robotics. Recognized through citations and collaborative projects, Dr. Xu exemplifies excellence in engineering research and education. His profile strongly supports his nomination for a prestigious award honoring research and innovation.

saber Haghgooye Shafagh | Mechanical Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Published on by Phenomenological Research Awards

Mr. saber Haghgooye Shafagh | Mechanical Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Mechanical Engineer at LumenWerx, Canada.

Saber Haghgooye Shafagh is an enthusiastic Mechanical Engineer with expertise in design, manufacturing processes, mechanical drawing, FEA modeling, and quality inspection. He holds a Master of Applied Science in Mechanical Engineering from Concordia University, Canada, with research focused on fabrication of microsystems and conductive polymers. With hands-on experience at LumenWerx, Optical Bio-Microsystem Group, and Iran Khodro Co., he has contributed to mechanical design, composite fabrication, and microfluidic systems. Proficient in SolidWorks, AutoCAD, and CATIA, Saber combines innovation with technical precision, making significant contributions to engineering and manufacturing.

PRofessional Profile:

Google Scholar

Suitability for Best Researcher Award – Saber Haghgooye Shafagh

Saber Haghgooye Shafagh is a highly skilled mechanical engineer and researcher with expertise in mechanical design, materials science, and microfabrication. His work spans electrically conductive polymers, MEMS-based thermal and electrical testing, and microfluidic systems for biomedical applications. With an outstanding academic record (GPA: 4.18/4.3) and a strong industry background at LumenWerx, Optical Bio-Microsystem Group, and Iran Khodro Co., he has significantly contributed to the advancement of engineering and manufacturing technologies. His research integrates FEA modeling, composite fabrication, and piezoelectric energy harvesting, demonstrating his ability to bridge mechanical design and biomedical applications.

Education & Experience 🎓💼

Education 📚

  • Master of Applied Science in Mechanical Engineering – Concordia University, Canada (2019-2023)

    • Research: Microsystem fabrication, 3D modeling, conductive polymers

    • GPA: 4.18/4.3

  • Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering – University of Applied Science and Technology, Iran (2013-2017)

    • GPA: 18.04/20

Experience 🏭

  • Mechanical Design Engineer – LumenWerx, Canada (2024-Present)

  • Mechanical Engineer – Optical Bio-Microsystem Group, Canada (2020-2023)

  • Mechanical Designer – Iran Khodro Co., Iran (2017-2019)

  • Teaching Assistant – Concordia University, Canada (2021-2022)

  • Sales Specialist – IO Solutions, Canada (2021-2024)

Professional Development 🚀

Saber continuously enhances his skills through professional certifications and research. He is SOLIDWORKS Certified (CSWA) and has expertise in AutoCAD, composite material manufacturing, and mechanical testing. His work spans 3D modeling, FEA simulations, and electromagnetics, with contributions to piezoelectric energy harvesting and cancer cell separation modeling. He actively collaborates in design discussions and adapts to industry advancements, ensuring his work aligns with modern engineering and manufacturing standards. With a passion for innovation and problem-solving, he aims to drive technological advancements in the field of mechanical engineering.

Research Focus 🔬

Saber specializes in mechanical design, materials science, and microfabrication. His research explores electrically conductive polymers, MEMS-based thermal and electrical testing, and microfluidic systems for biomedical applications. He has worked on FEA modeling for composite structures, piezoelectric energy harvesting, and aerodynamic simulations. His contributions to cancer cell separation modeling and thermal analysis demonstrate his multidisciplinary approach. With expertise in SolidWorks, MATLAB, and HVAC systems, he bridges the gap between mechanical design and biomedical engineering, creating innovative solutions for energy and healthcare industries.

Awards & Honors 🏆

  • SOLIDWORKS Certified Associate (CSWA) – Udemy (2023) 🏅

  • SOLIDWORKS Sheet Metal Certification – Udemy (2023) 🏅

  • AutoCAD Expert Certification – Udemy (2023) 🏅

  • High GPA (4.18/4.3) in Master’s Program – Concordia University, Canada 🎓

  • Recognized for Research in Electrically Conductive Composites & MEMS 🔬

Publication Top Notes

🔬 Beneficial Effect of Low BN Additive on Densification and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed ZrB₂–SiC Composites – 📑 Synth. Sinter. – 🔢 Cited by: 29 – 📅 2021

🔬 PEDOT:PSS-MWCNT Nanocomposite Wire for Routing in Energy Harvesting Devices

🔬 Synthesis and Sintering

Rajeevan Arunthavanathan | Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Published on by Phenomenological Research Awards

Dr. Rajeevan Arunthavanathan | Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Postdoctoral Researcher at Texas A&M University, United States.

🌍Dr. Rajeevan Arunthavanathan is a distinguished researcher and educator specializing in AI safety, process safety, and ICS cybersecurity. With a Ph.D. in Process Engineering and over a decade of academic and industrial experience, he has developed groundbreaking methods for risk evaluation and safety in critical infrastructures. His prolific publication record includes high-impact journals and book chapters on AI-human conflict, machine learning applications, and process fault diagnosis. Dr. Arunthavanathan has contributed significantly to curriculum development, student mentorship, and project management in academia and industry, positioning himself as a leader in the intersection of AI and process safety.

Profile👤

Education 🎓

🎓Dr. Arunthavanathan completed his Ph.D. in Process Engineering at Memorial University, Canada, in 2022, focusing on AI-driven fault diagnosis in process systems. He earned his MSc in Microelectronics and Communication from Northumbria University, UK, in 2010, graduating with distinction, and a B.Eng. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the same institution in 2007. His academic mentors included renowned professors, under whom he honed expertise in AI, control systems, and microelectronics. Throughout his education, he demonstrated excellence through research on AI-human interaction and advanced microelectronics, laying the foundation for his impactful career.🧬🎓

Experience💼

🩺Dr. Arunthavanathan has extensive experience in academia and industry. At Texas A&M University, he researches AI safety and mentors graduate students. Previously, at C-CORE, Canada, he developed ML models for data noise cleaning and smart ice management. He served as a senior lecturer at SLIIT, Sri Lanka, revising engineering curricula to meet international accreditation standards. His industrial experience includes work as a trainee engineer at Perry Slingsby Systems, UK, where he contributed to advanced underwater surveillance systems. His teaching spans multiple institutions, offering courses in process safety, microelectronics, and programming, blending theory with practical applications.👨‍🔬🌍

Research Interests 🔬

🔬Dr. Arunthavanathan’s research lies at the nexus of AI safety, process safety, and industrial control systems (ICS) cybersecurity. He develops innovative models to evaluate AI efficiency and mitigate risks in human-AI collaboration. His work on fault diagnosis, risk assessment, and operational technology cybersecurity addresses pressing challenges in critical infrastructure. His focus extends to integrating machine learning for noise cleaning in data systems and applying AI in Industry 4.0 technologies. With a commitment to enhancing process safety and addressing cyber threats, his research bridges theoretical advancements with practical applications for safer industrial operations. 🌿🧪

Awards and Honors 🏆

🏆Dr. Arunthavanathan has received numerous accolades, including being named a Fellow of the School of Graduate Studies at Memorial University (2022). His MSc degree was conferred with distinction by Northumbria University (2010). He serves as an editor for leading journals like Sensors and AI and reviews manuscripts for high-impact publications, including IEEE Access. His professional memberships with IEEE and AIChE reflect his standing in the academic community. These achievements underscore his dedication to advancing AI, process safety, and engineering education through impactful research and professional service. 🏆🎉

Conclusion 🔚 

Dr. Rajeevan Arunthavanathan is a strong contender for the Best Researcher Award, given his impactful contributions to AI safety, process fault diagnosis, and industrial control systems. His expertise, combined with a commitment to education and industry applications, exemplifies the qualities of an outstanding researcher. Recognizing his achievements will inspire further advancements in safety and AI-driven solutions for critical infrastructure.

Publications Top Notes 📚

An analysis of process fault diagnosis methods from safety perspectives

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, F. Khan, S. Ahmed, S. Imtiaz

Citations: 126

Year: 2021

A deep learning model for process fault prognosis

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, F. Khan, S. Ahmed, S. Imtiaz

Citations: 120

Year: 2021

Fault detection and diagnosis in process system using artificial intelligence-based cognitive technique

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, F. Khan, S. Ahmed, S. Imtiaz, R. Rusli

Citations: 76

Year: 2020

Autonomous fault diagnosis and root cause analysis for the processing system using one-class SVM and NN permutation algorithm

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, F. Khan, S. Ahmed, S. Imtiaz

Citations: 52

Year: 2022

Industry 4.0-based process data analytics platform

Authors: T.R. Wanasinghe, M.G. Don, R. Arunthavanathan, R.G. Gosine

Citations: 10

Year: 2022

Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, S. Ahmed, F. Khan, S. Imtiaz

Citations: 9

Year: 2022

Vehicle monitoring controlling and tracking system by using Android application

Authors: A. Rajeevan, N.K. Payagala

Citations: 8

Year: 2016

Artificial intelligence–Human intelligence conflict and its impact on process system safety

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, Z. Sajid, F. Khan, E. Pistikopoulos

Citations: 7

Year: 2024

Process safety 4.0: Artificial intelligence or intelligence augmentation for safer process operation?

Authors: R. Arunthavanathan, Z. Sajid, M.T. Amin, Y. Tian, F. Khan, E. Pistikopoulos

Citations: 7

Year: 2024

Statistical approaches and artificial neural networks for process monitoring

Authors: M. Alauddin, R. Arunthavanathan, M.T. Amin, F. Khan

Citations: 6

Year: 2022

 

Ali Alshamrani | Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Published on by Phenomenological Research Awards

Ali Alshamrani | Engineering | Best Researcher Award

Assistant professor at Taifuniversity, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Ali M. Alshamrani is an accomplished mechanical engineer with a strong background in both academia and industry. Currently serving as an Assistant Professor at Taif University, his expertise lies in fluid mechanics, oil spill behavior, and renewable energy. His extensive research has led to multiple peer-reviewed publications in reputable journals, focusing on areas such as oil slick contraction and fragmentation, and renewable energy solutions like solar distillation. With a solid foundation in teaching and research, Dr. Alshamrani continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of mechanical engineering.

📚 Profile

Scopus

🎓 Education

Dr. Alshamrani earned his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of South Florida (USF) in 2022, graduating with an impressive GPA of 3.9/4.0. His doctoral studies focused on fluid mechanics, material science, and oil spill behavior. He also completed his M.Eng. at USF in 2018 with a GPA of 3.86/4.0, where he conducted research on material sciences and manufacturing processes. Dr. Alshamrani’s academic journey began with a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Umm Al Qura University in 2014, where he worked on a vortex tube cooler for his graduation project.

💼 Experience

Dr. Alshamrani’s experience spans both industry and academia. He completed internships at Saudi Aramco and King Abdullah & Al Salam Co., where he gained hands-on experience in refinery operations, aircraft maintenance, and construction projects. In academia, he has held teaching positions, including as a lecturer and lab instructor at Taif University, and as a teaching and research assistant at USF. Currently, as an Assistant Professor at Taif University, he teaches courses on fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics while continuing his research in mechanical engineering.

🔬 Research Interests

Dr. Alshamrani’s research interests focus on fluid mechanics, oil spill dynamics, and renewable energy systems. His work has explored the contraction and fragmentation of crude oil slicks using chemical herders, an innovative approach to oil spill mitigation. He is also involved in research on the design and performance of wind turbines and solar distillers. His interest in combining mechanical engineering principles with environmental challenges positions him at the forefront of sustainable engineering solutions.

🏆 Awards and Honors

Throughout his academic career, Dr. Alshamrani has consistently demonstrated excellence, reflected in his high GPAs during his graduate studies. His research has been recognized at international conferences, including the American Physical Society’s Division of Fluid Dynamics meetings, where his work on oil spill dynamics was featured. Additionally, his contributions to the study of renewable energy technologies have garnered attention within the academic community, further cementing his reputation as a leading researcher in his field.

🔚 Conclusion

Dr. Ali M. Alshamrani is highly qualified for a Best Researcher Award due to his academic excellence, impactful research contributions, and teaching achievements. His expertise in mechanical engineering, particularly fluid mechanics and oil spill research, combined with his real-world industry experience, makes him a strong contender. Expanding his research scope and fostering international collaboration could further strengthen his candidacy in future awards.

Publications Top Notes 📚

Application of an AI-based optimal control framework in smart buildings using borehole thermal energy storage combined with wastewater heat recovery
Alshamrani, A., Abbas, H.A., Alkhayer, A.G., El-Shafay, A.S., Kassim, M.
Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 101, 113824
Citations: 0

Insights into water-lubricated transport of heavy and extra-heavy oils: Application of CFD, RSM, and metaheuristic optimized machine learning models
Alsehli, M., Basem, A., Jasim, D.J., Musa, V.A., Maleki, H.
Fuel, 2024, 374, 132431
Citations: 2

Enhancing pyramid solar still performance using suspended v-steps, reflectors, Peltier cooling, forced condensation, and thermal storing materials
Alshamrani, A.
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2024, 61, 105109
Citations: 0

Conceptual design and optimization of integrating renewable energy sources with hydrogen energy storage capabilities
Zhao, Q., Basem, A., Shami, H.O., Ahmed, M., El-Shafay, A.S.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 79, pp. 1313–1330
Citations: 1

Intelligent computing approach for the bioconvective peristaltic pumping of Powell–Eyring nanofluid: heat and mass transfer analysis
Akbar, Y., Huang, S., Alshamrani, A., Alam, M.M.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2024, 149(15), pp. 8445–8462
Citations: 1

Dimensionless dynamics: Multipeak and envelope solitons in perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation with Kerr law nonlinearity
Afsar, H., Peiwei, G., Alshamrani, A., Alam, M.M., Aljohani, A.F.
Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(6), 067126
Citations: 2

Intelligent computing for the electro-osmotically modulated peristaltic pumping of blood-based nanofluid
Akbar, Y., Çolak, A.B., Huang, S., Alshamrani, A., Alam, M.M.
Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 2024
Citations: 0

Neural network design for non-Newtonian Fe3O4-blood nanofluid flow modulated by electroosmosis and peristalsis
Akbar, Y., Huang, S., Alshamrani, A., Alam, M.M.
Modern Physics Letters B, 2024, 2450394
Citations: 1

Analysis of interfacial heat transfer coefficients in squeeze casting of AA6061 aluminum alloy with H13 steel die: Impact of section thickness on thermal behavior
Khawale, V.R., Alshamrani, A., Palanisamy, S., Sharma, M., Alrasheedi, N.H.
Thermal Science, 2024, 28(1), pp. 223–232
Citations: 0

Investigation of the performance of a double-glazing solar distiller with external condensation and nano-phase change material
Alshamrani, A.
Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 73, 109075
Citations: 4